References
1 Mokdad, A., et. al., Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000. JAMA, 2004; 291:1238-1245.2 National Institutes of Health: National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Statistics Related to Overweight and Obesity: The Economic Costs.” http://www.win.niddk.nih.gov/statistics/index.htm. Accessed: December 2004.
3 The Hormone Foundation. “Obesity Overview.” http://www.hormone.org/learn/obesity_1.html. Accessed: February 2004.
4 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Health Promotion. “Defining Overweight and Obesity.” http://./. Accessed: February 2004.
5 National Institutes of Health: National Institute of Environmental Health Services. “Obesity and Environment.” http://www.niehs.nih.gov/kids/weight.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
6 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Health Promotion. “Defining Overweight and Obesity.” http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/defining.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Health Promotion. “Defining Overweight and Obesity.” http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/defining.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
8 The Hormone Foundation. “Obesity Overview.” http://www.hormone.org/learn/obesity_1.html. Accessed: February 2004.
9 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Health Promotion. “Defining Overweight and Obesity.” http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/defining.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
10 National Institutes of Health: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. “Public Education Materials: Aim for a healthy weight.” http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/risk.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
11 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. The practical guide: Identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. October 2000.
12 The Hormone Foundation. “Obesity Overview.” http://www.hormone.org/learn/obesity_1.html. Accessed: February 2004.
13 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Health Promotion. “Overweight and Obesity: Health Consequences.” http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/consequences.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
14 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. The practical guide: Identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. October 2000, p.23.
15 National Institutes of Health: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Do You Know the Risks of Being Overweight.” Accessed: February 2004. http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/health_risks.htm
16 American Obesity Association. “AOA Fact Sheets: Health Effects of Obesity.” http://www.obesity.org/subs/fastfacts/Health_Effects.shtml. Accessed: February 2004.
17 American Obesity Association. “AOA Fact Sheets: Health Effects of Obesity.” http://www.obesity.org/subs/fastfacts/Health_Effects.shtml. Accessed: February 2004.
18 Rand CSW, MacGregor AMC. Successful weight loss following obesity surgery and the perceived liability of morbid obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 1991, 15:577-570.
19 National Institutes of Health: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Do You Know the Risks of Being Overweight.” http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/health_risks.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
20 Office of the U.S. Surgeon General. “The Surgeon General’s Call To Action To Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity: Fact Sheet – Overweight and Obesity: Health Consequences.” http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_consequences.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
21 American Obesity Association. “AOA Facts Sheets: Obesity – A Global Epidemic.” http://www.obesity.org/subs/fastfacts/obesity_global_epidemic.shtml. Accessed: February 2004.
22 American Obesity Association. “AOA Facts Sheets: Obesity – A Global Epidemic.” http://www.obesity.org/subs/fastfacts/obesity_global_epidemic.shtml. Accessed: February 2004.
23 National Institutes of Health: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Do You Know the Risks of Being Overweight.” http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/health_risks.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
24 Office of the U.S. Surgeon General. “The Surgeon General’s Call To Action To Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity: Fact Sheet – Overweight and Obesity: Health Consequences.” http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_consequences.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
25 Office of the U.S. Surgeon General. “The Surgeon General’s Call To Action To Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity: Fact Sheet – Overweight and Obesity: Health Consequences.” http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_consequences.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
26 American Diabetes Association . “The Metabolic Syndrome.” http://www.diabetes.org/weightloss-and-exercise/weightloss/metabolicsyndrome.jsp. Accessed: February 2004.
27 Office of the U.S. Surgeon General. “The Surgeon General’s Call To Action To Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity: Fact Sheet – Overweight and Obesity: Health Consequences.” http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_consequences.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
28 National Institutes of Health: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Do You Know the Risks of Being Overweight.” http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/health_risks.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
29 National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity “Overweight, obesity, and health risk.” Archives of Internal Medicine, 2000, 160:898-904.
30 American Diabetes Association. “Type 2 Diabetes.” http://www.diabetes.org/type-2-diabetes.jsp. Accessed: February 2004.
31 North American Association For the Study of Obesity. “Your weight and diabetes.” http://www.naaso.org/information/diabetes_obesity.asp Accessed: February 2004.
32 American Obesity Association. AOA Fact Sheets: “Health effects of obesity.” http://www.obesity.org/subs/fastfacts/Health%20_Effects.shtml Accessed: February 2004.
33 American Diabetes Association. “The metabolic syndrome.” http://www.diabetes.org/weightloss-and-exercise/weightloss/metabolicsyndrome.jsp Accessed: February 2004.
34 Klem ML, et. al., A descriptive study of individuals successful at long-term weight maintenance of substantial weight loss. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1997, 66: 239-246.
35 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Office on Women’s Health – The National Women’s Health Information Center. “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” http://www.4woman.gov/faq/pcos.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
36 Medline Plus: A service of U.S. National Library & National Institutes of Health. “Stein-Leventhal syndrome.” http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ovariancysts.html. Accessed: February 2004.
37 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Office on Women’s Health – The National Women’s Health Information Center. “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” http://www.4woman.gov/faq/pcos.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
38 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Office on Women’s Health – The National Women’s Health Information Center. “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” http://www.4woman.gov/faq/pcos.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
39 Comments from The Endocrine Society’s Advisory Board on Obesity, Francine Kaufman, M.D., 2004.
40 American Obesity Association. “AOA Fact Sheets: Obesity Treatments.” http://www.obesity.org/subs/fastfacts/Obesity_Treatment.shtml. Accessed: February 2004.
41 National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Prescription Medications for the Treatment of Obesity.” http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/prescription.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
42 The Hormone Foundation. Obesity: Treatment and Options. http://www.hormone.org/. Accessed: February 2004.
43 The Hormone Foundation. Obesity: Treatment and Options. http://www.hormone.org/. Accessed: February 2004.
44 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Losing Weight: More Than Counting Calories.” http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2002/102_fat.html. Accessed: February 2004.
45 Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403.
46 Anderson JW, Greenway FL, Fujioka K, Gadde KM, McKenney J, O'Neil PM. Bupropion SR enhances weight loss: a 48-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Obes Res 2002;10:633-41.
47 Bray GA, Hollander P, Klein S, Kushner R, Levy B, Fitchet M, Perry BH. A 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of topiramate for weight loss in obesity. Obes Res. 2003 Jun;11(6):722-33.
48 Gadde KM, Franciscy DM, Wagner HR, Krishnan KRR. Zonisamide for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;289:1820-1825.
49 Sanofi Synthelabo. Press release. Feb. 16, 2004.
50 The Hormone Foundation. Obesity: Treatment and Options. http://www.hormone.org/. Accessed: February 2004.
51 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Sale of Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids (Ephedrine) Prohibited.” http://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/ephedra/february%202004/ Accessed: February 2004.
52 American Obesity Association. “Obesity Surgery.” http://www.obesity.org/education/advisor.shtml. Accessed: December 2004.
53 American Obesity Association. “Obesity Surgery.” http://www.obesity.org/education/advisor.shtml. Accessed: December 2004.
54 American Obesity Association. “Weight Loss Strategies.” http://www.obesity.org/treatment/weight.shtml. Accessed: December 2004.
55 American Obesity Association. “Weight Loss Strategies.” http://www.obesity.org/treatment/weight.shtml. Accessed: December 2004.
56 American Obesity Association. “Obesity Surgery.” http://www.obesity.org/education/advisor.shtml. Accessed: December 2004.
57 Medline Plus. Medical Encyclopedia. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19268.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
58 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Talk Paper. FDA Approves Implanted Stomach Band to Treat Severe Obesity, June 5, 2001.
59 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Talk Paper. FDA Approves Implanted Stomach Band to Treat Severe Obesity, June 5, 2001.
60 Marks, JB. Clinical Diabetes, Advances in Obesity Treatment: Clinical Highlights from the NAASO 2003 Annual Meeting, Volume 22: Num. 1, 2004.
61Ali H. Mokdad, et. al, “Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000,” JAMA. 2004;291:1238-1245
62 American Obesity Association. AOA Fact Sheets: “Obesity in the U.S.” http://www.obesity.org/subs/fastfacts/obesity_US.shtml Accessed: February 2004.
63 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Health, United States, 2004.” http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus04.pdf. Accessed: December 2004.
64 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Health Promotion. “Defining Overweight and Obesity.” http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/defining.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
65 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Health Statistics. “National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.” 2002. (Table 70).
66 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Health Statistics. “National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.” 2002. (Table 70).
67 Ali H. Mokdad, et. al, “Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000,” JAMA. 2004;291:1238-1245.
68 Hill J.O., et al. (2000). Genetic and environmental contributions to obesity. Medical Clinics of North America, 84(2): 333–346.
69 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. “Prevalence Among U.S. Adults of a Metabolic Syndrome Associated with Obesity.” 2002.
70 Mokdad AH, Serdula M, Dietz W, et. al., The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991–1998. JAMA 1999;282:1519–1522.
Mokdad AH, Serdula M, Dietz W, et. al., The continuing obesity epidemic in the United States. JAMA 2000;284:1650–1651.
Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, et. al., The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA 2001;286(10):1195–1200.
Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, et. al., Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003:289;76–79.
72 National Institutes of Health: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Do You Know the Risks of Being Overweight.” http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/health_risks.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
73 National Institutes of Health: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Do You Know the Risks of Being Overweight.” http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/health_risks.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
74 Dietz, WH. Overweight in childhood and adolescence. New England Journal of Medicine. February 26, 2004, 350; 9: 855-857.
75 Dietz, WH. Overweight in childhood and adolescence. New England Journal of Medicine. February 26, 2004, 350; 9: 855-857.
76 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Health Promotion. “Defining Overweight and Obesity.” http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/defining.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
77 American Obesity Association. “AOA Fact Sheets: Childhood Obesity.” http://www.obesity.org/subs/childhood/causes.shtml. Accessed: March 2004.
78 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Overweight among U.S. children and adolescents.” National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. January 24, 2004. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/databriefs/overwght.pdf.
79 Hammer LD, Kraemer HC, Wilson, DM, Ritter PL, Dornbusch SM. Standardized percentile curves of body mass index for children and adolescents: A validation study. American Journal of Disease of Child. 1991, 145:259-263.
80 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “BMI for Children and Teens.” http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/bmi-for-age.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
81 North American Association for the Study of Obesity. “Childhood Overweight.” http://www.naaso.org/information/childhood_overweight.asp. Accessed: February 2004.
82 World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight: Fact Sheet. 2003.
83 World Health Organization. “Controlling the Global Obesity Epidemic.” http://www.who.int/nut/obs.htm. Accessed: February 2004.
84 Visscher TL, Seidell JC. The Public Health Impact of Obesity. Annual Review of Public Health; 2001.
80 National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Statistics Related to Overweight and Obesity: The Economic Costs.” http://win.niddk.nih.gov/statistics/index.htm. Accessed: December 2004.
86 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. “Citing ‘Dangerous Increase’ in Deaths, HHS Launches New Strategies Against Overweight Epidemic.” http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2004pres/20040309.html. Accessed: March 2004.
87 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. “HHS Unveils FDA Strategy To Help Reduce Obesity – New ‘Calories Count’ Approach Builds on HHS' Education, Research Efforts.” http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2004/hhs_031204.html. Accessed: April 2004.
88 Medstat. Health Leaders. “Fact File – Obesity.” http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2004pres/20040309.html. Accessed: April 2004.
89 American Obesity Association. “AOA Fact Sheets: Obesity, Medicaid and Medicare.” http://www.obesity.org/subs/fastfacts/Obesity_Medicare.shtml. Accessed: March 2004.
90 National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083. September 1998.
91 Guidelines adapted from recommendations from this guidebook’s Advisory Board (Please see Section VII for members’ information) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Obesity Education Task Force’s Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083. September 1998.
92 Bhargava SK, Sachdev HS, Fall CHD, Osmond C, Lakshmy R, Barker DJP, Biswas SKD, Ramji S, Prabhakaran D, Reddy KS. Relation of serial changes in childhood body-mass index to impaired glucose tolerance in young adulthood. N Engl J Med 2004;350:865-875.
93 Ailhaud G, Guesnet P. Fatty acid composition of fats is an early determinant of childhood obesity: a short review and an opinion. Obes Rev 2004;5:21-26.
94 Dietz WH. Overweight in childhood and adolescence. N Engl J Med 2004;350:855-857.
95 Kroeze WK, Hufeisen SJ, Popadak BA, Renock SM, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, Jayathilake K, Meltzer HY, Roth BL. H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28:519-526.
96 Young LR, Nestle M. The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. Am J Public Health 2002;92:246-9.
97 Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL, Saris WH, Hill JO. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1545-52.
98 Bray GA. Obesity is a chronic, relapsing neurochemical disease. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28(1):34-8.
99 Bray GA. Obesity is a chronic, relapsing neurochemical disease. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28(1):34-8.
100 Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet 2001;357:505-8.
101 Raben A, Vasilaras TH, Moller AC, Astrup A. Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:721-9.
102 Toschke AM, Montgomery SM, Pfeiffer U, von Kries R. Early intrauterine exposure to tobacco-inhaled products and obesity. Am J Epidemiol 2003;158:1068-1074.
104 Bray GA. Obesity is a chronic, relapsing neurochemical disease. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28(1):34-8.
105 Flier JS. Obesity wars: molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic. Cell 2004;116:337-50.
106 Kushner RF. Roadmaps for Clinical Practice: Case Studies in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion – Assessment and Management of Adult Obesity: A Primer for Physicians. Chicago, Ill: American Medical Association; 2003.
107 The Hormone Foundation. “Obesity: Overview.” http://www.hormone.org/learn/obesity_1.html Accessed: March 2004.
108 http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/dnpalink.htm#HW_Advocacy (Healthy weight & obesity links. CDC: U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention)
109 http://www.suburbanhospital.org/eating_disorders/ (Adolescent Obesity Groups)
110 http://www.methodisthealthsystem.org/weightmgmt/ (Methodist Weight Management Institute)
111 http://www.coastalobesity.com/ (Coastal Center for Obesity)
112 http://www.obesitysolutions.com/ (Obesity Solutions: Morbid Obesity Support Group & Information Lectures)
113 http://www.obesityconsult.org/ (Obesity Consult Center)
114 http://www.rush.edu/patients/surgery/bariatric/support.html (Bariatric Surgery Program – Support Group)
115 http://www.size-acceptance.org/ (International Size Acceptance Association)
116 http://www.iotf.org/ (International Obesity Task Force)
117 http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/dnpalink.htm#HW_Advocacy (Healthy weight & obesity links. CDC: U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention.)
118 http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/dnpalink.htm#HW_Advocacy (Healthy weight & obesity links. CDC: U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention.)
119 http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/dnpalink.htm#HW_Advocacy (Healthy weight & obesity links. CDC: U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention.)
120 http://www.sne.org/main.htm (Society for Nutrition Education)
121 National Institutes of Health: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Choosing a Safe and Successful Weight Loss Program.” http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/choosing.htm. Accessed: December 2004.
122 http://win.niddk.nih.gov/index.htm (Weigh-Control Information Network)
123 http://win.niddk.nih.gov/sisters/index.htm(Sisters Together: Move More, Eat Better)
124 http://www.nature.berkeley.edu/cwh/ (The Center for Weight and Health)
125 http://www.yourbetterhealth.com/ (Health Management Resources)
126 http://www.stage.wehealny.org/directory/vansite/vanital.html (The Theodore B. Vanltallie Center for Nutrition and Weight Management)
127 http://www.musc.edu/psychiatry/weight.htm (Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) Weight Management Center)
128 http://www.shapeup.org/. (Shape Up America!)
129 Definitions compiled from http://www.dictionary.com/, NIH’s “Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults,” 1998, The Hormone Foundation or MedPlus from NIH http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html
